Understanding sex offence victims, risk and police investigations using novel datasets

As part of Operation Soteria, which aimed to transform the way rape and serious sexual assault are investigated, comprehensive and novel datasets were created. These include interviews with police officers and crown prosecution service members, case reviews and a large dataset of reported sex offences. The project was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council funding responsive mode (OPP147): secondary data analysis round one, grant number APP10145 and allowed us to explore these datasets further to develop our understanding of sexual violence and law enforcement responses to sex offending.

Our aim was to challenge the notion that the responsibility for sexual violence lies with the victim, instead exploring how institutional policies, practices, beliefs and stereotypes influence the victim experience, hamper the investigative process and affect the perception of suspect recidivism risk.

We focused on:

  • Victims and their experiences, including who they are, the offences they report, and the outcomes their cases receive
  • The investigative process, looking at how police investigate rape and serious sexual assault and the numerous challenges involved in doing so
  • Assessing and predicting suspect risk

Our objectives were to provide actionable recommendations for police and the criminal justice system more broadly and to make links to practice clear, translating research into real changes in policing and helping deliver better justice for victims of sexual violence.

Our outputs

Published

Gekoski, A., Horvath, M. A. H., & Davies, K. (2026). Police officers’ perspectives on the secondary victimisation of rape and serious sexual assault victims. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2025.2611338

 

Gekoski, A., Davies, K. & Horvath, M. A. H. (2026). ‘It’s an absolute shambles': Police officers' views on institutional challenges in policing rape and serious sex offences in England and Wales. Policing & Society, https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2026.2651198

 

Spence, R., Crivatu, I.M., Davies, K. & Horvath, M.A.H. (2025). A Comparison of ‘Only-Once’ and Repeat Male and Female Sex Offence Suspects. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 1-18 https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2025.2559946

 

Under review

Heimer, R., Spence, R. & Dalton, C.T. (under review). Racist rape myths in police investigations? A Black feminist analysis of racial inequalities in rape investigative outcomes in an English police force

 

Spence, R., Crivatu, I. M., Horvath, M. A. H. & Davies, K. (under review). Exploring victim crossover by repeat sex offence suspects

 

Khan, A., Healy, J.C., Gekoski, A., Hardiman, M.  & Heimer, R. (under review). Testimonial injustice and safeguarding failures: A mixed-methods study on police responses in England and Wales to reports of sexual violence from vulnerable victims.

 

Spence, R., Crivatu, I.M., Davies, K. & Horvath, M.A.H. (under review). Characteristics of generalist and specialist repeat sex offence suspects from three police forces in England and Wales.

 

Crivatu, I.M., Widanaralalage, J. &  Spence, R. (under review). Predictors of investigative outcomes for male and female sex offence victims: Associations with victim-, suspect-, and offence-level characteristics in police crime data.

 

Widanaralalage, J., Crivatu, I.M. & Spence, R. (under review). Male and female victims of sex offences. Comparative profiles in police crime data in England and Wales.

 

Gekoski, A., Davies, K. & Horvath, M.A.H. (under review). False, mistaken, or unsubstantiated? Unravelling police officers’ perceptions of ‘false’ allegations of rape.

 

Barbin, A., Spence, R. &  Crivatu, I.M. (under review). Sexual abuse in the elderly: A quantitative overview of police-reported rape and sex offence (RASSO) cases in England and Wales

 

Crivatu, I.M., Spence, R., Karsna, K. & Cain, S. (under review). Child Sexual Abuse in Police Data: Victim and Crime Predictors of Police Outcomes.

 

Karsna, K., Cain, S., Crivatu, I.M. & Spence, R. (under review). The scale and nature of sexual offending against children in police-recorded crime: Findings from Operation Soteria. Centre for Expertise on Child Sexual Abuse.

 

Davies, K., Spence, R., Crivatu, I.M. & Horvath, M.A.H. (under review). What’s in a name? Considering prevalence and type of repeat sex offending in a new framework.

 

Davies, K., Rettenberger, M., Horvath, M.A.H., Crivatu, I.M. & Spence, R. (under review). Revisiting sex offending recidivism using suspect, not conviction, data

Gekoski, A., Horvath, M. A. H., & Davies, K. (2026). Enough is enough: Radical change is required to end policing’s revictimisation of RASSO victims. Article published in Policing Insight on the 19th January https://policinginsight.com/feature/analysis/enough-is-enough-radical-change-is-required-to-end-policings-revictimisation-of-rasso-victims/

Gekoski, A., Davies, K., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2026). ‘It’s an absolute shambles’: police officers’ views on institutional challenges in policing rape and serious sex offences in England and Wales. Article published in Policing Insight on the 2nd April https://policinginsight.com/feature/analysis/an-absolute-shambles-police-officers-views-on-institutional-challenges-in-policing-rape-and-serious-sex-offences/ 

Coming soon.

Our events

Tuesday 28 April from 1pm to 5pm

Understanding sex offence victims, repeat suspects & police investigations

Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, UK

Book a FREE place

Join us for an in-person event where we'll share the results of our research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council funding responsive mode (OPP147): secondary data analysis round one, grant number APP10145, which enabled us to conduct deeper analysis of Operation Soteria data.

We will dive into the challenges faced by sex offence victims, explore the complexities of repeat suspects, and unpack police investigations. Whether you're a professional, student, or just curious, come learn and discuss this important topic in a relaxed setting!

The day will start with a fully catered lunch where delegates can get to know each other. This will be followed by two interactive discussion sessions, one focusing on victims and the other on repeat suspects. Informal discussions will continue afterwards at a cheese and wine reception.

Our team

Dr Ruth Spence

Middlesex University 0000-0002-6197-9975

Dr Kari Davies

Bournemouth University 0000-0003-1782-7437

Professor Miranda Horvath

University of Suffolk 0000-0003-4363-4575

Dr Anna Gekoski

Bournemouth University 0000-0003-1269-4073

Dr Aneela Khan

Bournemouth University 0000-0001-8160-2254

Dr Ioana Crivatu

Middlesex University 0000-0002-1721-9899

Dr Rosa dos Ventos Lopes Heimer

Bournemouth University, 0000-0001-5769-788X

Professor Martin Rettenberger

Centre for Criminology (Kriminologische Zentralstelle—KrimZ), Wiesbaden, Germany and Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University (JGU), Mainz, Germany 0000-0002-0979-4295

For enquiries, please contact: r.spence@mdx.ac.uk